The conductor, Carlo Sabajno, had been the Gramophone Company's house conductor since 1904; he had made early complete recordings of several operas, including Verdi's La traviata and Rigoletto, before tackling Tosca with a largely unknown cast, featuring the Italian soprano Lya Remondini in the title role. [55] In Philipp Himmelmann's production on the Lake Stage at the Bregenz Festival in 2007 the act 1 set, designed by Johannes Leiacker, was dominated by a huge Orwellian "Big Brother" eye. [3] In the early 1880s Sardou began a collaboration with actress Sarah Bernhardt, whom he provided with a series of historical melodramas. [82] In the dialogue with Spoletta, the "torture" motif—an "ideogram of suffering", according to Budden—is heard for the first time as a foretaste of what is to come. "[9] American scholar Deborah Burton contends that Franchetti gave it up simply because he saw little merit in it and could not feel the music in the play. As Melas retreated in disarray with the remains of his army, he sent a second courier south with the revised message. "[46][60] However, one critic described act 2 as overly long and wordy; another echoed Illica and Giacosa in stating that the rush of action did not permit enough lyricism, to the great detriment of the music. She then expresses jealousy over the woman in the painting, whom she recognises as the Marchesa Attavanti. "[76] Though Tosca enters violently and suspiciously, the music paints her devotion and serenity. Turandot - Liù's Aria. [27], In act 2, when Tosca sings offstage the cantata that celebrates the supposed defeat of Napoleon, Puccini was tempted to follow the text of Sardou's play and use the music of Giovanni Paisiello, before finally writing his own imitation of Paisello's style. [50] Maria Jeritza, over many years at the Met and in Vienna, brought her own distinctive style to the role, and was said to be Puccini's favorite Tosca. 2.0 out of 5 stars 1. [93] The lovers' final duet "Amaro sol per te", which concludes with the act's opening horn music, did not equate with Ricordi's idea of a transcendental love duet which would be a fitting climax to the opera. He begins to write, but is soon overwhelmed by memories: "E lucevan le stelle" ("And the stars shone"). Search | [41], At the time of the premiere, Italy had experienced political and social unrest for several years. The composer asked a friend to have a "good romanesco poet" write some words; eventually the poet and folklorist Luigi "Giggi" Zanazzo [it] wrote the verse which, after slight modification, was placed in the opera. ("O Scarpia, we meet before God! A third called the opera "three hours of noise". Libretto by Giuseppe Giacosa and Luigi Illica. Opera; sung in Italian. It is sung in act 3 by Mario Cavaradossi , a painter in love with the singer Tosca, while he waits for his execution on the roof of Castel Sant'Angelo. The French playwright Victorien Sardou wrote more than 70 plays, almost all of them successful, and none of them performed today. The libretto of the opera Macbeth by the composer Giuseppe Verdi in Italian with translation in English. With links to other information and other operas. Turning the wordy French play into a succinct Italian opera took four years, during which the composer repeatedly argued with his librettists and publisher. He complained about the reception La Tosca had received in Italy, particularly in Milan, and warned that other composers were interested in the piece. [61], The critics gave the work a generally kinder reception in London, where The Times called Puccini "a master in the art of poignant expression", and praised the "wonderful skill and sustained power" of the music. The dramatic force of Tosca and its characters continues to fascinate both performers and audiences, and the work remains one of the most frequently performed operas. Scarpia has betrayed her from beyond the grave. Tosca enters and suspiciously asks Cavaradossi what he has been doing – she thinks that he has been talking to another woman. Once everyone leaves, she rushes to Mario to hug him, overjoyed with the new life ahead of them. A lyrical andante based on Tosca's act 1 motif, this is perhaps the opera's best-known aria, yet was regarded by Puccini as a mistake;[86] he considered eliminating it since it held up the action. [53] Tosca was also her last on-stage operatic role, in a special charity performance at the Royal Opera House on 7 May 1965. ("What an actor!"). A procession enters the church singing the Te Deum; exclaiming 'Tosca, you make me forget even God! An introductory 16-bar theme for the horns will later be sung by Cavaradossi and Tosca in their final duet. The pair ecstatically imagines the life they will share, far from Rome. [42], The performance, while not quite the triumph that Puccini had hoped for, was generally successful, with numerous encores. The painter Mario Cavaradossi arrives to continue work on his picture of Mary Magdalene. [77], After Tosca's "Non la sospiri" and the subsequent argument inspired by her jealousy, the sensuous character of the love duet "Qual'occhio" provides what opera writer Burton Fisher describes as "an almost erotic lyricism that has been called pornophony". [44] A number of Puccini's operatic rivals were there, including Franchetti, Pietro Mascagni, Francesco Cilea and Ildebrando Pizzetti. When Puccini once again became interested in Tosca, Ricordi was able to get Franchetti to surrender the rights so he could recommission Puccini. [67] According to historian and former opera singer Susan Vandiver Nicassio: "The conflict between the verbal and the musical clues gives the end of the opera a twist of controversy that, barring some unexpected discovery among Puccini's papers, can never truly be resolved. Spoletta returns with the news that Angelotti has killed himself upon discovery, and that everything is in place for Cavaradossi's execution. [16], Italy had long been divided into a number of small states, with the Pope in Rome ruling the Papal States in Central Italy. Privacy | They have heard that Angelotti has sought refuge in the church. According to Budden, there is no contradiction: Tosca's jealousy is largely a matter of habit, which her lover does not take too seriously. [21] The Neapolitans abandoned Rome,[22] and the city spent the next fourteen years under French domination. Buy Tosca: Libretto by Puccini, Giacomo, Giacosa, Giuseppe, Illica, Luigi (ISBN: 0073999654608) from Amazon's Book Store. "), her music is changed to eliminate an octave leap, allowing her more opportunity to express her contempt and loathing of Scarpia in a passage which is now near the middle of the soprano vocal range. Darclée and Giraldoni reprised their roles; the prominent tenor Giuseppe Borgatti replaced De Marchi as Cavaradossi. Scarpia, at supper, sends a note to Tosca asking her to come to his apartment, anticipating that two of his goals will soon be fulfilled at once. [39], By December 1899, Tosca was in rehearsal at the Teatro Costanzi. There is thus neither a Pope nor papal government in Rome during the days depicted in the opera.) About | Cavaradossi must feign death, after which they can flee together before Scarpia's body is discovered. [105], The 1909 score contains a number of minor changes from the autograph score. Ashbrook applauds Puccini for deleting the section from a point in the work where delay is almost unendurable as events rush to their conclusion, but points out that the orchestra's recalling "E lucevan le stelle" in the final notes would seem less incongruous if it was meant to underscore Tosca's and Cavaradossi's love for each other, rather than being simply a melody which Tosca never hears. Find The Metropolitan Opera on Facebook (opens new window) Find The Metropolitan Opera on Twitter (opens new window) Find The Metropolitan Opera on Instagram (opens new window) As Scarpia awaits her decision, she prays, asking why God has abandoned her in her hour of need: "Vissi d'arte" ("I lived for art"). Madama Butterfly. Also in contrast to 'La Bohème' where the villain was fate and so the stage action was minimal bot…(+) 8.50 GBP - vendu par Musicroom GB Délais: Info (stock) sur le site. To end like this? Arias | [85], This is a farewell to love and life, "an anguished lament and grief built around the words 'muoio disperato' (I die in despair)". Featuring Catherine Malfitano, Plácido Domingo and Ruggero Raimondi, the performance was broadcast live throughout Europe. Puccini was delighted with the public's reception of the work in Paris, despite adverse comments from critics. When the soldiers have all left, she hurries towards Cavaradossi, only to find that Scarpia betrayed her: the bullets were real. Tosca insists that Scarpia must provide safe-conduct out of Rome for herself and Cavaradossi. [9] Whatever the reason, Franchetti surrendered the rights in May 1895, and in August Puccini signed a contract to resume control of the project. [29], Little work was done on the score during 1897, which Puccini devoted mostly to performances of La bohème. [9] Illica wrote a libretto for Franchetti, who was never at ease with the assignment. [99][100] She recorded the role again for EMI in stereo in 1964. Pavarotti's last stage performance was as Cavaradossi at the Met, on 13 March 2004. 95. He promises he'll fall "like Tosca in the theatre.". Tosca 2009, L. S. Olschki in Italian 8822258622 9788822258625 zzzz. [47] Puccini travelled to London for the British premiere at the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden, on 12 July, with Milka Ternina and Fernando De Lucia as the doomed lovers and Antonio Scotti as Scarpia. 1,324 views Large Small Description. He easily agrees to this and heads to his desk. The earliest were two performances in Mexico City, in 1950 and 1952, and the last was in London in 1965. [23], Inside the church of Sant'Andrea della Valle. [99], The 1970s and 1980s saw a proliferation of Tosca recordings of both studio and live performances. The new republic was ruled by seven consuls; in the opera this is the office formerly held by Angelotti, whose character may be based on the real-life consul Liborio Angelucci. piuttosto giu m'avvento: Next scene: Vedi le man giunte io stendo: Maria Callas - Vissi d'arte (Puccini, Tosca) Singer: Maria Callas. [38] In any event time was too short before the scheduled January 1900 premiere to make any further changes. [40] Because of the Roman setting, Ricordi arranged a Roman premiere for the opera,[28] even though this meant that Arturo Toscanini could not conduct it as Puccini had planned—Toscanini was fully engaged at La Scala in Milan. The next year, in 1919, Sabajno recorded Tosca again, this time with more well-known singers, including Valentina Bartolomasi and Attilio Salvaneschi as Tosca and Cavaradossi. He tells Spoletta to arrange a mock execution, both men repeating that it will be "as we did with Count Palmieri," and Spoletta exits. Singer: Maria Callas. Composers | [65] Overall, however, Newman delivered a more positive judgement: "[Puccini's] operas are to some extent a mere bundle of tricks, but no one else has performed the same tricks nearly as well". However, fresh French troops arrived in late afternoon, and Napoleon attacked the tired Austrians. After Tosca has left, Angelotti reappears and discusses with the painter his plan to flee disguised as a woman, using clothes left in the chapel by his sister. He privately gloats as he reveals his intentions to possess Tosca and execute Cavaradossi. When Tosca arrives looking for her lover, Scarpia artfully arouses her jealous instincts by implying a relationship between the painter and the Marchesa Attavanti. It premiered at the Teatro Costanzi in Rome on 14 January 1900. Tosca shouts out, happy with his flawless performance. [5][6], Puccini had seen La Tosca at least twice, in Milan and Turin. Operas were "through-composed", with a continuous stream of music which in some cases eliminated all identifiable set-pieces. "[95] Budden, however, argues that it is entirely logical to end this dark opera on its blackest theme. In the play the lovers are portrayed as though they were French: the character Floria Tosca is closely modelled on Bernhardt's personality, while her lover Cavaradossi, of Roman descent, is born in Paris. Gigli wrote in his autobiography: "he is certain that these are their last moments together on earth, and that he is about to die". [24] Giacosa and Puccini repeatedly clashed over the condensation, with Giacosa feeling that Puccini did not really want to complete the project. [102] Since the late 1990s numerous video recordings of the opera have been issued on DVD and Blu-ray disc (BD). Italian: Synopsis: Tosca Synopsis: Libretto: Tosca Libretto: Translation(s): English Deutsch: Aria details: Type: aria: Role(s): Baron Scarpia: Voice(s): Baritone: Act: 2.12b : Previous scene: Quanto quanto ..il prezzo: Next scene: Se la giurata fede: Titta Ruffo sings 'Gia, mi dicon venal' from Giacomo Puccini's 'Tosca' Singer: Titta Ruffo. Even in the passages linking these "Grand Tunes", Puccini maintains a strong degree of lyricism and only rarely resorts to recitative. × Toggle navigation. Close. While critics have often dismissed the opera as a facile melodrama with confusions of plot—musicologist Joseph Kerman famously called it a "shabby little shocker"[1][2]—the power of its score and the inventiveness of its orchestration have been widely acknowledged. Cesare Angelotti, former consul of the Roman Republic and now an escaped political prisoner, runs into the church and hides in the Attavanti private chapel – his sister, the Marchesa Attavanti, has left a key to the chapel hidden at the feet of the statue of the Madonna. [35] It was not until 29 September 1899 that Puccini was able to mark the final page of the score as completed. Articles Similaires. Tosca by Giacomo Puccini, unknown edition, Donate ... Previews available in: English Italian. [56], In 1992 a television version of the opera was filmed at the locations prescribed by Puccini, at the times of day at which each act takes place. The work, based on Victorien Sardou's 1887 French-language dramatic play, La Tosca, is a melodramatic piece set in Rome in June 1800, with the Kingdom of Naples's control of Rome threatened by Napoleon's invasion of Italy. [54] The first stereo recording of the opera was made in 1957 by RCA Victor. "[63] After the 1903 Paris opening, the composer Paul Dukas thought the work lacked cohesion and style, while Gabriel Fauré was offended by "disconcerting vulgarities". Puccini justified his musical treatment by citing Tosca's preoccupation with teaching Cavaradossi to feign death. DM's opera site. This choice of ending has been strongly criticised by analysts, mainly because of its specific association with Cavaradossi rather than Tosca. [69], By the end of the 19th century the classic form of opera structure, in which arias, duets and other set-piece vocal numbers are interspersed with passages of recitative or dialogue, had been largely abandoned, even in Italy. Shortly after the curtain was raised there was a disturbance in the back of the theatre, caused by latecomers attempting to enter the auditorium, and a shout of "Bring down the curtain! [104] An unamended edition was published by Dover Press in 1991. The start of the Holy Year in December 1899 attracted the religious to the city, but also brought threats from anarchists and other anticlericals. "[95], The first complete Tosca recording was made in 1918, using the acoustic process. [31] For the Te Deum music, he investigated the melodies to which the hymn was set in Roman churches, and sought to reproduce the cardinal's procession authentically, even to the uniforms of the Swiss Guards. Tosca falls for his deceit; enraged, she rushes off to confront Cavaradossi. [29] The opening page of the autograph Tosca score, containing the motif that would be associated with Scarpia, is dated January 1898. In what critic Edward Greenfield calls the "Grand Tune" concept, Puccini retains a limited number of set-pieces, distinguished from their musical surroundings by their memorable melodies. Despite indifferent reviews from the critics, the opera was an immediate success with the public. [43] The unrest caused the premiere to be postponed by one day, to 14 January. The work, based on Victorien Sardou's 1887 French-language dramatic play, La Tosca, is a melodramatic piece set in Rome in June 1800, with the Kingdom of Naples's control of Rome threatened by Napoleon's invasion of Italy. Tosca - opera by Giacomo Puccini; libretto with translations. Scarpia's apartment in the Palazzo Farnese, that evening. [8] Nonetheless, Ricordi reached terms with Sardou and assigned the librettist Luigi Illica to write a scenario for an adaptation.[9]. He is devastated to discover that Tosca has betrayed his friend. [43] Many Roman dignitaries attended, as did Queen Margherita, though she arrived late, after the first act. Their commander, Michael von Melas, sent this news south towards Rome. He draws Tosca's attention to the fan and suggests that someone must have surprised the lovers in the chapel. [46], The Milan premiere at La Scala took place under Toscanini on 17 March 1900. Many recordings of the work have been issued, both of studio and live performances. [33] This apparently did not have its desired effect, as Illica wrote to Ricordi on the day after the premiere, "the great fuss and the large amount of money for the bells have constituted an additional folly, because it passes completely unnoticed". [17] Pope Pius VI was taken prisoner, and was sent into exile on February 20, 1798. Cavaradossi reassures her and Tosca tries to persuade him to take her to his villa that evening: "Non la sospiri, la nostra casetta" ("Do you not long for our little cottage"). [30] At Puccini's request, Giacosa irritably provided new lyrics for the act 1 love duet. [44], By 1900, the premiere of a Puccini opera was a national event. ";[1] in response the conductor Thomas Beecham remarked that anything Kerman says about Puccini "can safely be ignored". As the men rush in, Tosca rises, evades their clutches, and runs to the parapet. tosca libretto in english Nov 15, 2020 Posted By Roger Hargreaves Public Library TEXT ID c25a9212 Online PDF Ebook Epub Library Tosca Libretto In English INTRODUCTION : #1 Tosca Libretto In ~~ Book Tosca Libretto In English ~~ Uploaded By Roger Hargreaves, tosca opera by giacomo puccini libretto with translations dms opera site libretti information The sound of a cannon signals that Angelotti's escape has been discovered. ("All Rome trembled before him"), sung on a middle C♯ monotone [89] (sometimes spoken),[85] the music gradually fades, ending what Newman calls "the most impressively macabre scene in all opera. The 1896 libretto also offers a different ending, in which Tosca does not die but instead goes mad. The guards lead Cavaradossi in and inform him that he has one hour to live. He withdrew from the agreement,[11] which Ricordi then assigned to the composer Alberto Franchetti. [59] Domingo, the dominant Cavaradossi of the 1970s and 1980s, concurred, stating in a 1985 interview that he had long played the part that way. [71], In the execution scene which follows, a theme emerges, the incessant repetition of which reminded Newman of the Transformation Music which separates the two parts of act 1 in Wagner's Parsifal. [85] Scarpia's aria "Già, mi dicon venal" ("Yes, they say I am venal") is closely followed by Tosca's "Vissi d'arte". [79] The final scene in the act is a juxtaposition of the sacred and the profane,[74] as Scarpia's lustful reverie is sung alongside the swelling Te Deum chorus. Other changes are in the music; when Tosca demands the price for Cavaradossi's freedom ("Il prezzo! The opera was subsequently premiered at venues throughout Europe, the Americas, Australia and the Far East;[49] by the outbreak of war in 1914 it had been performed in more than 50 cities worldwide. [12], According to the libretto, the action of Tosca occurs in Rome in June 1800. Scarpia triumphantly strides toward Tosca. [52] Of her successors, opera enthusiasts tend to consider Maria Callas as the supreme interpreter of the role, largely on the basis of her performances at the Royal Opera House in 1964, with Tito Gobbi as Scarpia. [72] Budden has suggested that Scarpia's tyranny, lechery and lust form "the dynamic engine that ignites the drama". He is brought in, and an interrogation ensues. [74][80], In the second act of Tosca, according to Newman, Puccini rises to his greatest height as a master of the musical macabre. The men fire, Cavaradossi falls, and Tosca exclaims "Ecco un artista!" Contact Tosca enters and shows him the safe-conduct pass she's obtained, adding that she has killed Scarpia and that the imminent execution is a sham. [74] In the act's finale, Newman likens the orchestral turmoil which follows Tosca's stabbing of Scarpia to the sudden outburst after the slow movement of Beethoven's Ninth Symphony. Scarpia then claims she can save her lover from indescribable pain if she reveals Angelotti's hiding place. The orchestral prelude which follows portrays the Roman dawn; the pastoral aura is accentuated by the shepherd boy's song, and the sounds of sheep bells and church bells, the authenticity of the latter validated by Puccini's early morning visits to Rome. [71] The most potent of these motifs is the sequence of three very loud and strident chords which open the opera and which represent the evil character of Scarpia—or perhaps, Charles Osborne proposes, the violent atmosphere that pervades the entire opera. By clicking Accept or "X", you hereby accept and agree to the updated privacy policy. In response, Illica condemned Puccini for treating his librettists "like stagehands" and reducing the text to a shadow of its original form. Détails. Dutch English German Greek Spanish Turkish #1 #2: Vissi d'arte Italian. Available instantly. Crying "O Scarpia, Avanti a Dio!" [92] Puccini insisted on the inclusion of these words, and later stated that admirers of the aria had treble cause to be grateful to him: for composing the music, for having the lyrics written, and "for declining expert advice to throw the result in the waste-paper basket". She removes the safe-conduct from his pocket, lights candles in a gesture of piety, and places a crucifix on the body before leaving. These include recent productions and remastered versions of historic performances. tosca libretto in english Oct 10, 2020 Posted By Harold Robbins Library TEXT ID c25a9212 Online PDF Ebook Epub Library tosca libretto tosca libretto coffee violin 18 coffee time pieces in popular style violine und klavier ausgabe mit cd hello and good day cafa montmartre musette latin coffee [75] Cavaradossi's dialogue with Angelotti is interrupted by Tosca's arrival, signalled by her motif which incorporates, in Newman's words, "the feline, caressing cadence so characteristic of her. [51] Jonathan Miller, in a 1986 production for the 49th Maggio Musicale Fiorentino, transferred the action to Nazi-occupied Rome in 1944, with Scarpia as head of the fascist police. [107] A remnant of a "Latin Hymn" sung by Tosca and Cavaradossi in act 3 survived into the first published score and libretto, but is not in later versions. [37] Ricordi was overwhelmed by the completed act 3 prelude, which he received in early November, and softened his views, though he was still not completely happy with the music for "O dolci mani". " E lucevan le stelle" (English: "And the stars were shining") is a romantic aria from the third act of Giacomo Puccini's opera Tosca from 1900, composed to an Italian libretto by Luigi Illica and Giuseppe Giacosa. [32] The brief scene in which the sacristan returns with the choristers to celebrate Napoleon's supposed defeat provides almost the last carefree moments in the opera; after the entrance of Scarpia to his menacing theme, the mood becomes sombre, then steadily darker. Email Signup. Vittoria!" [82], Osborne describes the scenes that follow—Cavaradossi's interrogation, his torture, Scarpia's sadistic tormenting of Tosca—as Puccini's musical equivalent of grand guignol to which Cavaradossi's brief "Vittoria! Tosca. Cavaradossi, unable to contain himself, gloats to Scarpia that his rule of terror will soon be at an end. on the news of Napoleon's victory gives only partial relief. [57] The iris opens and closes to reveal surreal scenes beyond the action. As the painter steadfastly denies knowing anything about Angelotti's escape, Tosca's voice is heard singing a celebratory cantata elsewhere in the Palace. Some are changes of phrase: Cavaradossi's reply to the sacristan when he asks if the painter is doing penance is changed from "Pranzai"[106] ("I have eaten.") Everyday low prices and free delivery on eligible orders. Angelotti emerges and tells Cavaradossi, an old friend who has republican sympathies, that he is being pursued by the Chief of Police, Baron Scarpia. How To Order; Wish List; Cart (0) Join Our Mailing List ; Our privacy policy has recently been updated. She tries to offer money, but Scarpia isn't interested in that kind of bribe: he wants Tosca herself. Sciarrone, another agent, then enters with news: there was an upset on the battlefield at Marengo, and the French are marching on Rome. [19] As they left, troops of the Kingdom of Naples occupied the city. [68] The work remains popular today: according to Operabase, it ranks as fifth in the world with 540 performances given in the five seasons 2009/10 to 2013/14. Once she's certain he's dead, she ruefully says "now I forgive him." 03. When he begins to embrace her, she stabs him, crying "this is Tosca's kiss!" While he's drafting the document, she quietly takes a knife from the supper table. The Sacristan kneels in prayer as the Angelus sounds. [67] Music critic Charles Osborne ascribes Tosca's immense popularity with audiences to the taut effectiveness of its melodramatic plot, the opportunities given to its three leading characters to shine vocally and dramatically, and the presence of two great arias in "Vissi d'arte" and "E lucevan le stelle". Callas had first sung Tosca at age 18 in a performance given in Greek, in the Greek National Opera in Athens on 27 August 1942. Kindle $9.95 $ 9. [35] As the police chief interrogates the sacristan, the "fugitive" motif recurs three more times, each time more emphatically, signalling Scarpia's success in his investigation. Terms | [73][74], The opera begins without any prelude; the opening chords of the Scarpia motif lead immediately to the agitated appearance of Angelotti and the enunciation of the "fugitive" motif. [45] Nevertheless, any public doubts about Tosca soon vanished; the premiere was followed by twenty performances, all given to packed houses. The Sacristan re-enters with choristers, celebrating the news that Napoleon has apparently been defeated at Marengo. Cast:FLORIA TOSCA (Soprano)MARIO CAVARADOSSI (Tenor)BARON SCARPIA (Baritone)CESARE ANGELOTTI (Bass)SACRISTAN (Baritone)SPOLETTA (Tenor)SCIARRONE (Bass)GAOLER (Bass)SHEPHERD BOY (Treble)CHORUSpriests, pupils, choir singers, soldiers, police agents,ladies, nobles, bourgeois, populace, Home | 948,939 views Large Small Description. "), she was to sing a five-bar fragment to the melody of "E lucevan le stelle". [103], The orchestral score of Tosca was published in late 1899 by Casa Ricordi. Paperback Puccini's TOSCA: Libretto (Opera Journeys Libretto Series) by Burton Fisher | Aug 9, 2010. After the premiere, Ippolito Valetta of Nuova antologia wrote, "[Puccini] finds in his palette all colours, all shades; in his hands, the instrumental texture becomes completely supple, the gradations of sonority are innumerable, the blend unfailingly grateful to the ear. Cavaradossi describes the "hidden harmony" ("Recondita armonia") in the contrast between the blonde beauty of his painting and his dark-haired lover, the singer Floria Tosca. "[7], Ricordi sent his agent in Paris, Emanuele Muzio, to negotiate with Sardou, who preferred that his play be adapted by a French composer.
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